If you are having difficulty getting or staying pregnant, you are not alone. At some point, infertility affects 15% of all couples. Recurrent pregnancy loss affects another 3% of couples.
If you are one of these couples, you may feel isolated and depressed. You will get all sorts of helpful and unhelpful advice from people (including yourself) who really do care. Perhaps one of the worst things someone can tell you is to “relax” or “quit trying so hard.” This advice generally has two effects:
To make you even more tense.
To make you think it’s all your fault.
At Tennessee Reproductive Medicine, we understand the stress that infertility and pregnancy loss causes. While it is true that in extreme cases stress can cause a woman to stop ovulating, very rarely is stress a cause of infertility. If stress isn’t causing the infertility, as so many people commonly think, let’s consider what is normal and abnormal in the world of conception so you can take charge of your fertility.
Normal Conception Rates
After one year of adequate unprotected intercourse, 85% of couples ages 20-40 will be pregnant. Of the 15% who aren’t pregnant, half of those will be pregnant within the second year. The monthly chance of conceiving among couples in which the woman is less than 32 years old is approximately 20-25%. This illustrates that human reproduction is very INEFFICIENT! It may take some couples many months to conceive and this is within the range of normal. After age 32, monthly conception rates start to decrease slightly, then more significantly after age 35 to about 10-15% chance per month.
When Should I Seek Help Conceiving?
Infertility is considered the lack of conception after 12 months of unprotected regular intercourse (timed adequately during the suspected time of ovulation). All couples who have not conceived after 12 months warrant a full evaluation. While some couples will spontaneously conceive after 12 months of attempts, most will need some form of fertility therapy and further attempts at natural conception may be wasting precious time.
Furthermore, many couples warrant a sooner evaluation if there is a history suggestive of:
-ovulation disorders
-tubal disorders
-male reproduction disorders
-female greater than 35 years old
-endometriosis
-female with prior radiation or chemotherapy treatments
Do I need a fertility specialist?
Sometimes this is an easy question to answer, sometimes it's difficult. Consider your situation and conditions by taking this TRM Quiz at http://www.trmbaby.com/welcome/do_I_need_fertility.shtml. If the total number of points equals or exceeds 15 points, and you wish to conceive, strong consideration should be given to seeing a fertility specialist, specifically a reproductive endocrinologist.
Showing posts with label stress of trying to conceive. Show all posts
Showing posts with label stress of trying to conceive. Show all posts
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
Interpret With Caution!
It’s been a while since I’ve written anything here. Quite frankly, I’ve been a bit busy, and no topic seemed particularly inspiring. Until yesterday.
I was asked to make a comment for a local television station, WRCB TV3 Eyewitness News, which was running a story on a New York fertility doctor (Dr. Sami David) who says that too many couple use IVF to get pregnant and that many of those couples should try alternate methods first. He notes that his favorite fertility drug is antibiotics.
What I am about to write may at first sound like a preamble to denouncing this doctor’s claims, or like a build up to a defense of IVF.
It really is neither.
The "Caution" Part...
I am saying there is a lot said about fertility and infertility treatments which should be interpreted with caution. In this post I’m going to elaborate on some of the ways any news story you might encounter can be misinterpreted.
This post is also an expansion of what I would have like to have said if the news station actually had the time to air it. My response to the news story was limited to about 8 seconds and the reporter was only able to highlight a couple of sentences of my response. Such is the nature of broadcast journalism. I am very grateful to Channel 3, the NBC affiliate, that they gave me what time they could spare to my point of view. I am also very happy that they put my entire response on their website.
It appears that the story was filmed by a New York affiliate station and sent to local NBC affiliates from the network. Local affiliates could interview local physicians as time permitted. In case the link above does not work, I’ll give you the skinny on the news story:
Dr. Sami David performed the first IVF procedure in New York and he has not done one since that time. He says that IVF has a high failure rate and that many people who resort to IVF could get pregnant without it. He said doctors need to pay more attention to treating the man and looking for not-so-obvious causes of infertility and treat those causes. The story illustrates the proof of this concept by interviewing a woman who went through three IVF cycles but miscarried all three times. She then saw Dr. David, conceived and now, happily, has a child. Dr. David has now written a book explaining much of this. It is called Making Babies.
Unavoidable Bias
There are several inherent and hard to avoid biases in stories like this. For example, simply by saying Dr. David is offering an alternative, this does not mean many people in our field aren’t also incorporating some of the same treatments. Much of what Dr. David promotes and what your typical fertility would promote will be similar. The implication is that most fertility doctors push a lot of people to IVF.
As a matter of fact, fewer than 10% of our patients ever require IVF. Dr. Scotchie and I try very hard to use IVF as a last resort.
Another unavoidable bias is that simply by reporting this story, makes the information seem like its new. Just because this story is in the news, this does not make it new. The reason Dr. David is in the news is not because of remarkable success rates. The reason he is in the news is because he has written a book. He is promoting the book and he seems to be doing a good job with that. By saying this, I’m not trying to imply that Dr. David wrote this only to promote his practice and to make money. I have not read the book, but until I see proof otherwise, I’ll assume that he wrote it to get the word out that for some people, there are alternatives to IVF. Quite frankly, if I were a reporter, I’d be inclined to write a story about it, because there people who would be interested in it.
My First Thought
My first thought upon hearing what Dr. Sami has to say is: I agree that some people get thrust into IVF too quickly. I think some doctors don’t do enough investigation to find out if there is a treatable cause. This is especially true of male factor infertility. I know this because I get to review a lot of medical records as a second opinion, and not just from Tennessee or the surrounding areas. Friends from all over the country refer their friends to me to give them my assessment.
Doctors are partly to blame, and there are various reasons for this. High tech treatments do generate more income for the practice than low tech treatments. Also, high tech treatments are generally far more likely to be successful than low tech treatments. A pregnant patient is usually a very satisfied patient. It makes the patient feel good. It makes the doctor feel good.
It can be difficult for patients to know if a doctor is pushing you too quickly into IVF. Second opinions can be valuable here. However… CAUTION must be exercised when getting a second opinion. (I promise to write about this VERY soon. But this is too big a topic to tackle here.)
Sometimes the doctors push for IVF too quickly and, truthfully, sometimes the patients push themselves into IVF before they’ve tried all other reasonable options.
My Biggest Fear
My biggest fear about this story is that there would be people who would interpret Dr. David’s message in a way that would cause them to delay seeking the advice of a fertility specialist.
I worry especially about women approaching their mid- to late-30s who spend several years trying on their own, or using herbal or homeopathic remedies. By the time they reach my office, they have significantly decreased chances of conceiving due to age, or due to the limited number of remaining reproductive years with which to attempt pregnancy.
Despite treatment, it can take some couples years to conceive. I should know. My wife and I were one of those couples.
Dangers of Interpreting Success
It is sometimes hard for doctors to know if it was treatment or time which cured a patient.
I am careful to counsel my patients that I may not know if it was our treatment which helped them conceive. In some cases, all we can say is that we increased the odds of conception in a given month.
It is a happy reality of my practice that some patients will conceive spontaneously before, between or after an infertility treatment.
In cases when patients get pregnant between treatments, patients usually understand that they did not conceive due to treatment. I will know it, too.
Some practitioners have a difficult time in knowing if a patient got pregnant because of treatment or simply because it was a patient’s time to conceive. For example: Suppose I am a doctor who gives everyone an antibiotic or an herbal remedy. A portion of my patients would have conceived anyway. But since all of my patients are “under treatment” at all times, I would be likely to think that the therapy was what made the difference. The patient would think so, too.
Under a lot of alternative regimens, patients are always technically in treatment. In these cases, it can be very difficult to know what actually caused the pregnancy. In my experience, the assumption of the practitioner and the patient is to give credit to the treatment.
In certain situations, I downplay my role to patients. Still, when they get pregnant, they give me the credit, even when it’s more likely that I was not the difference maker.
Example:
If I do surgery on 12 infertility patients and remove low-grade endometriosis and then do no other treatments, studies have shown that 3 of them will get pregnant within the next 12 months. All three who conceive say “the surgery worked” and that’s why they got pregnant. All three give me the credit.
The truth is, if I had not done surgery, 2 of the 12 would have conceived on their own.
This means, I must do 12 surgeries to get one additional pregnancy than doing nothing. This is called number needed to treat, NNT, to get 1 different outcome.
I tell patients this beforehand. Still, EVERY single patient who has gotten pregnant after surgery remarks something like, “The surgery worked!”
I usually say something like, “Maybe, there’s a 33% chance that it did.”
This example illustrates the point that doctors and patients can be very likely to give or accept credit more often than deserved.
Even when it is more probable that my intervention had something to do with the pregnancy, I am careful to counsel patients that the only thing we did was increase the chance.
For Example:
If I do an intrauterine insemination (IUI) on a patient and the patient gets pregnant, I cannot always say that the pregnancy was due to the procedure or due to intercourse that she and her partner had a few days earlier. All I know is that the IUI increased their chances of conception that month.
The news story used an example of a patient to represent Dr. David's success. In this example, the patient had failed to have a baby after three IVF attempts. She was then treated by Dr. David, and after an unspecified amount of time, she got pregnant. Did Dr. David's treatment get her pregnant? Or was it just her time to succeed? Clearly both the doctor and the patient have given him the credit. In all honesty, neither of them could possibly know.
I am wary when anecdotes are used as evidence that a treatment is successful. It does not mean I don’t try some of those same treatments myself, but both the patient and I must still be wary about interpreting the results.
My Final Thought
I’m sure there is a lot more I could write. But my wife is cleaning the house for family members of mine that are arriving from out of town, and it seems somehow wrong that she is doing all of the work, so I’ll leave it at this.
I have not read Dr. David’s book, yet. My suspicion is that I will agree much more than disagree with it. I do think it is very sensible to not turn your back on any practical ways to improve your ability to conceive.
There are many recommendations out there for stress reduction, optimal supplements, exercise, sexual positions. I’ll try to address some of these issues in future blogs.
I think I’ll write about the pitfalls of second opinions next.
But first, I have to mop.
I was asked to make a comment for a local television station, WRCB TV3 Eyewitness News, which was running a story on a New York fertility doctor (Dr. Sami David) who says that too many couple use IVF to get pregnant and that many of those couples should try alternate methods first. He notes that his favorite fertility drug is antibiotics.
What I am about to write may at first sound like a preamble to denouncing this doctor’s claims, or like a build up to a defense of IVF.
It really is neither.
The "Caution" Part...
I am saying there is a lot said about fertility and infertility treatments which should be interpreted with caution. In this post I’m going to elaborate on some of the ways any news story you might encounter can be misinterpreted.
This post is also an expansion of what I would have like to have said if the news station actually had the time to air it. My response to the news story was limited to about 8 seconds and the reporter was only able to highlight a couple of sentences of my response. Such is the nature of broadcast journalism. I am very grateful to Channel 3, the NBC affiliate, that they gave me what time they could spare to my point of view. I am also very happy that they put my entire response on their website.
It appears that the story was filmed by a New York affiliate station and sent to local NBC affiliates from the network. Local affiliates could interview local physicians as time permitted. In case the link above does not work, I’ll give you the skinny on the news story:
Dr. Sami David performed the first IVF procedure in New York and he has not done one since that time. He says that IVF has a high failure rate and that many people who resort to IVF could get pregnant without it. He said doctors need to pay more attention to treating the man and looking for not-so-obvious causes of infertility and treat those causes. The story illustrates the proof of this concept by interviewing a woman who went through three IVF cycles but miscarried all three times. She then saw Dr. David, conceived and now, happily, has a child. Dr. David has now written a book explaining much of this. It is called Making Babies.
Unavoidable Bias
There are several inherent and hard to avoid biases in stories like this. For example, simply by saying Dr. David is offering an alternative, this does not mean many people in our field aren’t also incorporating some of the same treatments. Much of what Dr. David promotes and what your typical fertility would promote will be similar. The implication is that most fertility doctors push a lot of people to IVF.
As a matter of fact, fewer than 10% of our patients ever require IVF. Dr. Scotchie and I try very hard to use IVF as a last resort.
Another unavoidable bias is that simply by reporting this story, makes the information seem like its new. Just because this story is in the news, this does not make it new. The reason Dr. David is in the news is not because of remarkable success rates. The reason he is in the news is because he has written a book. He is promoting the book and he seems to be doing a good job with that. By saying this, I’m not trying to imply that Dr. David wrote this only to promote his practice and to make money. I have not read the book, but until I see proof otherwise, I’ll assume that he wrote it to get the word out that for some people, there are alternatives to IVF. Quite frankly, if I were a reporter, I’d be inclined to write a story about it, because there people who would be interested in it.
My First Thought
My first thought upon hearing what Dr. Sami has to say is: I agree that some people get thrust into IVF too quickly. I think some doctors don’t do enough investigation to find out if there is a treatable cause. This is especially true of male factor infertility. I know this because I get to review a lot of medical records as a second opinion, and not just from Tennessee or the surrounding areas. Friends from all over the country refer their friends to me to give them my assessment.
Doctors are partly to blame, and there are various reasons for this. High tech treatments do generate more income for the practice than low tech treatments. Also, high tech treatments are generally far more likely to be successful than low tech treatments. A pregnant patient is usually a very satisfied patient. It makes the patient feel good. It makes the doctor feel good.
It can be difficult for patients to know if a doctor is pushing you too quickly into IVF. Second opinions can be valuable here. However… CAUTION must be exercised when getting a second opinion. (I promise to write about this VERY soon. But this is too big a topic to tackle here.)
Sometimes the doctors push for IVF too quickly and, truthfully, sometimes the patients push themselves into IVF before they’ve tried all other reasonable options.
My Biggest Fear
My biggest fear about this story is that there would be people who would interpret Dr. David’s message in a way that would cause them to delay seeking the advice of a fertility specialist.
I worry especially about women approaching their mid- to late-30s who spend several years trying on their own, or using herbal or homeopathic remedies. By the time they reach my office, they have significantly decreased chances of conceiving due to age, or due to the limited number of remaining reproductive years with which to attempt pregnancy.
Despite treatment, it can take some couples years to conceive. I should know. My wife and I were one of those couples.
Dangers of Interpreting Success
It is sometimes hard for doctors to know if it was treatment or time which cured a patient.
I am careful to counsel my patients that I may not know if it was our treatment which helped them conceive. In some cases, all we can say is that we increased the odds of conception in a given month.
It is a happy reality of my practice that some patients will conceive spontaneously before, between or after an infertility treatment.
In cases when patients get pregnant between treatments, patients usually understand that they did not conceive due to treatment. I will know it, too.
Some practitioners have a difficult time in knowing if a patient got pregnant because of treatment or simply because it was a patient’s time to conceive. For example: Suppose I am a doctor who gives everyone an antibiotic or an herbal remedy. A portion of my patients would have conceived anyway. But since all of my patients are “under treatment” at all times, I would be likely to think that the therapy was what made the difference. The patient would think so, too.
Under a lot of alternative regimens, patients are always technically in treatment. In these cases, it can be very difficult to know what actually caused the pregnancy. In my experience, the assumption of the practitioner and the patient is to give credit to the treatment.
In certain situations, I downplay my role to patients. Still, when they get pregnant, they give me the credit, even when it’s more likely that I was not the difference maker.
Example:
If I do surgery on 12 infertility patients and remove low-grade endometriosis and then do no other treatments, studies have shown that 3 of them will get pregnant within the next 12 months. All three who conceive say “the surgery worked” and that’s why they got pregnant. All three give me the credit.
The truth is, if I had not done surgery, 2 of the 12 would have conceived on their own.
This means, I must do 12 surgeries to get one additional pregnancy than doing nothing. This is called number needed to treat, NNT, to get 1 different outcome.
I tell patients this beforehand. Still, EVERY single patient who has gotten pregnant after surgery remarks something like, “The surgery worked!”
I usually say something like, “Maybe, there’s a 33% chance that it did.”
This example illustrates the point that doctors and patients can be very likely to give or accept credit more often than deserved.
Even when it is more probable that my intervention had something to do with the pregnancy, I am careful to counsel patients that the only thing we did was increase the chance.
For Example:
If I do an intrauterine insemination (IUI) on a patient and the patient gets pregnant, I cannot always say that the pregnancy was due to the procedure or due to intercourse that she and her partner had a few days earlier. All I know is that the IUI increased their chances of conception that month.
The news story used an example of a patient to represent Dr. David's success. In this example, the patient had failed to have a baby after three IVF attempts. She was then treated by Dr. David, and after an unspecified amount of time, she got pregnant. Did Dr. David's treatment get her pregnant? Or was it just her time to succeed? Clearly both the doctor and the patient have given him the credit. In all honesty, neither of them could possibly know.
I am wary when anecdotes are used as evidence that a treatment is successful. It does not mean I don’t try some of those same treatments myself, but both the patient and I must still be wary about interpreting the results.
My Final Thought
I’m sure there is a lot more I could write. But my wife is cleaning the house for family members of mine that are arriving from out of town, and it seems somehow wrong that she is doing all of the work, so I’ll leave it at this.
I have not read Dr. David’s book, yet. My suspicion is that I will agree much more than disagree with it. I do think it is very sensible to not turn your back on any practical ways to improve your ability to conceive.
There are many recommendations out there for stress reduction, optimal supplements, exercise, sexual positions. I’ll try to address some of these issues in future blogs.
I think I’ll write about the pitfalls of second opinions next.
But first, I have to mop.
Monday, June 8, 2009
Recalling Bad Advice
In my first entry, I talked briefly about the advice that people sometimes give couples who are having difficulty conceiving. I even confessed that there was a time when I thought stress was a major cause of infertility. I also promised to talk a little bit about “recall bias.”
I know.
A term like “recall bias” could make your eyes glaze over.
On the other hand, it may be helpful when arguing politics, sports, or many other topics.
Recall bias victimizes infertility patients on a regular basis. If you are an infertility patient, just knowing about recall bias can make your day better.
So what exactly is recall bias?
Definition:
Simply put: recall bias is the tendency to remember extraordinary events with greater clarity than ordinary events.
Example:
Think of your wedding day. Unless you were six sheets to the wind, it is very likely you remember many details of your wedding day, almost like it was yesterday.
Compare your memories of your wedding day to the 3rd Saturday after you got married. Unless something extraordinary happened on that 3rd Saturday (or you have the memory of a supercomputer), it’s likely that you remember your wedding day and can’t recall a single event that happened on the third Saturday.
Practical Application:
How does this apply to the advice you get from others when you’re trying to conceive?
Well, imagine 10 infertile couples. All 10 couples have been trying to get pregnant for a number of years. After years of tests, fertility pills, injections and more negative pregnancy tests than any of the couples care to remember, they each decide to adopt.
The adoptions go well and all 10 couples get a brand new baby. Two months after the adoption one of the couples, the Williams, learns that they are also pregnant.
The Williams tell their friends and family this incredible story. After years of infertility, they adopted and then got pregnant! They reasonably assume that it’s either a miracle or that they just finally relaxed, or both.
But not only will the Williams give birth to a child, they will also give birth to recall bias. Recall bias emerges because of the w
ay the Williams’ story is told compared to the other 9 couples.
For example, the Williams tell their friends, family, co-workers etc. of their miracle. As this is an extra-ordinary event, the story is more likely to be retold. It is also more likely to be remembered by people who don’t even know the Williams. And they remember the moral of the tale, if you just quit trying – it will happen!
As shown by the graphic to the right, the Williams’ story gets told and retold.
In contrast, who tells and retells the story of all the other couples who did not get pregnant after they adopted?
No one. Nobody retells those stories.
So, which story are you, as an infertile couple more likely to be told?
The Williams.
What’s the implication? If you relax, you’ll get pregnant.
That’s recall bias.
A final thought for today:
If you are reading this and are struggling with infertility, I give you permission to stress as much as you want to. If you need a prescription to show to your friends that I say it is okay to stress, I’ll write one for you. Aside from stress severe enough to prevent a woman from ovulating, there is no good evidence that worrying about infertility makes it harder to conceive.
If, however, your stress is affecting your marriage, your happiness, your work, or your family, I do strongly suggest finding a healthy way to manage it. Seek whatever outlet makes the most sense to you: a friend, clergy, psychologist, acupuncturist, massage therapist or even a personal trainer.
Stress is much more likely to have a negative impact on your work or relationships than it is on your ability to get pregnant.
I know.
A term like “recall bias” could make your eyes glaze over.
On the other hand, it may be helpful when arguing politics, sports, or many other topics.
Recall bias victimizes infertility patients on a regular basis. If you are an infertility patient, just knowing about recall bias can make your day better.
So what exactly is recall bias?
Definition:
Simply put: recall bias is the tendency to remember extraordinary events with greater clarity than ordinary events.
Example:
Think of your wedding day. Unless you were six sheets to the wind, it is very likely you remember many details of your wedding day, almost like it was yesterday.
Compare your memories of your wedding day to the 3rd Saturday after you got married. Unless something extraordinary happened on that 3rd Saturday (or you have the memory of a supercomputer), it’s likely that you remember your wedding day and can’t recall a single event that happened on the third Saturday.
Practical Application:
How does this apply to the advice you get from others when you’re trying to conceive?
Well, imagine 10 infertile couples. All 10 couples have been trying to get pregnant for a number of years. After years of tests, fertility pills, injections and more negative pregnancy tests than any of the couples care to remember, they each decide to adopt.
The adoptions go well and all 10 couples get a brand new baby. Two months after the adoption one of the couples, the Williams, learns that they are also pregnant.
The Williams tell their friends and family this incredible story. After years of infertility, they adopted and then got pregnant! They reasonably assume that it’s either a miracle or that they just finally relaxed, or both.
But not only will the Williams give birth to a child, they will also give birth to recall bias. Recall bias emerges because of the w
ay the Williams’ story is told compared to the other 9 couples.For example, the Williams tell their friends, family, co-workers etc. of their miracle. As this is an extra-ordinary event, the story is more likely to be retold. It is also more likely to be remembered by people who don’t even know the Williams. And they remember the moral of the tale, if you just quit trying – it will happen!
As shown by the graphic to the right, the Williams’ story gets told and retold.
In contrast, who tells and retells the story of all the other couples who did not get pregnant after they adopted?
No one. Nobody retells those stories.
So, which story are you, as an infertile couple more likely to be told?
The Williams.
What’s the implication? If you relax, you’ll get pregnant.
That’s recall bias.
A final thought for today:
If you are reading this and are struggling with infertility, I give you permission to stress as much as you want to. If you need a prescription to show to your friends that I say it is okay to stress, I’ll write one for you. Aside from stress severe enough to prevent a woman from ovulating, there is no good evidence that worrying about infertility makes it harder to conceive.
If, however, your stress is affecting your marriage, your happiness, your work, or your family, I do strongly suggest finding a healthy way to manage it. Seek whatever outlet makes the most sense to you: a friend, clergy, psychologist, acupuncturist, massage therapist or even a personal trainer.
Stress is much more likely to have a negative impact on your work or relationships than it is on your ability to get pregnant.
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